EFFECT OF EXTRACTION AND SOLVENT ON MYCOCHEMICALS AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF LIGNICOLOUS FUNGI GANODERMA LUCIDUM AND G. APPLANATUM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2019     |     PP. 1-24      |     PDF (297 K)    |     Pub. Date: April 7, 2019
DOI:    289 Downloads     3015 Views  

Author(s)

PRAVEEN KUMAR NAGADESI, P. G. Department of Botany, Andhra Loyola College, Vijayawada - 520008, Andhra Pradesh, India.
B. KANNAMBA, P. G. Department of Chemistry, Andhra Loyola College, Vijayawada - 520008, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract
The objective of the present study was a comparative evaluation, the effect of extraction methods and solvents on the mycochemical, proximate composition, Total phenolic content, Total flavonoids content, Phenotipical characters in lignicolous fungi sporophore of Ganoderma lucidum and G. applanatum collected from different localities of district Krishna, Andhra Pradesh, India.in the present study, Sporophore extracts of water, Methanol, Ethanol, and Hydromethanol were prepared using ‘Green extraction’ methods such as Maceration Maceration water bath, and reflux assisted solvent extraction. The extracts and sporophore of lignicolous fungi was screened for Phenotypic characters by standard methods of identification, Mycochemical test and Proximate evaluation by Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, total phenolic content total flavonoid content was estimated by spectroscopic methods taking Gallic acid, Rutin as standards respectively. Ganoderma lucidum differs from G. applanatum in phenotypical characters. The solvent used for extraction and extraction methods played an important role on mycochemical, Proximate composition, Total phenolics and flavonoids content of G. lucidum and G. applantum powder extract. This proximate composition work aims at standardization of white rot fungi sporophore powder of G. lucidum and G. applanatum that will help to identify the genuine species and check for adulteration of sporophore powder available commercially. The Maceration water bath assisted extraction method is the best extraction method compared to maceration and Reflux extraction methods for all parameters studied in this work. The highest total phenol content was shown 111.18 mg GAE/g in G. lucidum 50% methanol extract prepared by water bath method. The G. applanatum showed better total flavonoid content when compared to G. lucidum. The highest total flavonoids content was shown 39.28 mg rutin/g in G. applanatum 50% methanol extract prepared by water bath method. Present study proves that the effect of extraction method and solvent influencing the mycochemical composition like total phenol content total flavonoid content in lignicolous fungi. The proximate composition evaluation is very much useful for standardisation of G. lucidum and G. applanatum in powder form.

Keywords
Lignicolous fungi, Extraction method, Mycochemicals, Proximate composition, Ganoderma applanatum, G. lucidum

Cite this paper
PRAVEEN KUMAR NAGADESI, B. KANNAMBA, EFFECT OF EXTRACTION AND SOLVENT ON MYCOCHEMICALS AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF LIGNICOLOUS FUNGI GANODERMA LUCIDUM AND G. APPLANATUM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY , SCIREA Journal of Pharmacy. Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2019 | PP. 1-24.

References

[ 1 ] Abdurrahman A, Gokhan Z, Gokalp OG, Yavuz SC, Ahmet D. Antioxidant potentials and anticholinesterase activities of methanolic and aqueous extracts of three endemic Centaurea L. species. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2013; 55: 290-296
[ 2 ] Aremu MO, Olaofe O, Akintayo ET. Functional properties of some Nigerian varieties of legume seed flour and flour concentration effect on foaming and gelation properties. Journal of Food Technology, 2007; 5: 109–115.
[ 3 ] Asatiani MD, Elisashvili V, Songulashvili G, Reznick AZ, and Wasser SP.  Higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms as a source of antioxidants. In: M. Rai & G. Kövics, eds. Progress in Mycology. Jodhpor, India: Scientific Publishers/Springer; 2010. pp 311–326
[ 4 ] Asuquo JE, Etim EE. Phytochemical and antinutrients evaluation of Oxyporus populinus. J Emerg Trends Eng Appl Sci 2011; 2: 817–820.
[ 5 ] Barros L, Baptista P, Ferreira ICFR. Effect of Lactarius piperatus fruiting body maturity stage on antioxidant activity measured by several biochemical assays. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2007; 45(9):1731-1737.
[ 6 ] Chen YF, Yang CH, Chang MS, Ciou YP, Huang YC. Foam properties and detergent abilities of the saponins from Camellia oleifera. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11: 4417–4425.
[ 7 ] Ćilerdžić J, Jelena V, Mirjana S, Tatjana S, Jasmina G. Biological activity of Ganoderma lucidum basidiocarps cultivated on alternative and commercial substrate. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2014; 155:312-319.
[ 8 ] Ede SO, Olaniru E, Oteminyn S, Aguiyi JC, Ekwere EO. Analgesic and anti inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract of the mushroom Ganoderma applanatum. Int J Res Rev Appl Sci 2012; 13: 349–352.
[ 9 ] Evans WC, Trease GE, Pharmacognosy 13th ed., Bailliere Tindall, London. 1989.
[ 10 ] Ferguson LR. Role of plant polyphenols in genomic stability. Mutation Research. 2001; 475(2):89-111.
[ 11 ] Ferreira ICFR, Vaz JA, Vasconcelos MH, Martins A. Compounds from wild mushrooms with antitumor potential. Anti-cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 2010; 10:424-436.
[ 12 ] Gaithersburg MD, AOAC. Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analysis Chemists (17th ed.), AOAC International, 2000.
[ 13 ] Heleno SA, Lillian B, Anabela M, João RP, Maria Q, Celestino S, et al., Fruiting body spores and in vitro produced mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum from Northeast Portugal: A comparative study of the antioxidant potential of phenolic and polysaccharidic extracts. Food Research International. 2012; 46:135-140.
[ 14 ] Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission. Indian Pharmacopoeia. Vol.1. New Delhi: Government of India Press. 2007.
[ 15 ] Islam MdS. Rahi Md.S, Koli HK, Jerin I, Sajib SA, Hoque KMdF, and Reza Md.A. Evaluation of phytochemical, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and in vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum cultivated in Bangladeshi habitat. Malaya Journal of Biosciences 2018; 5(1):1-13
[ 16 ] Jafari S, Saeidnia S, Ardekani MRS, Hadjiakhoondi A, Khanavi M. Micromorphological and preliminary phytochemical studies of Azadirachta indica and Melia azedarach. Turk J Bot 2013; 37: 690–697.
[ 17 ] Joseph S, Sabulal B, George V, Smina T, Janardhanan KK Antioxidative and antiinflammatory activities of the chloroform extract of Ganoderma lucidum found in South India. Sci Pharm 2009; 77: 111–121.
[ 18 ] Kadiri M, Fasidi IO. Secondary plant products in some Nigerian mushrooms. Niger J Bot 1992; 5: 187–192.
[ 19 ] Khan BA, Akhtar N, Khan HMS, Waseem K, Mahmood T, Rasul A, Iqbal M, Khan H. Basics of pharmaceutical emulsions: a review. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 5: 2715–2725.
[ 20 ] Kornerup and Waanscher JH. Metheun’s handbook of colors. 3rd ed. Metheun and Co. Ltd. London, 252. 1978.
[ 21 ] Kozarski M, Klaus A, Niksˇic´ M, et al Antioxidative activities and chemical characterization of polysaccharide extracts from widely used mushrooms Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus edodes and Trametes versicolor. J Food Compos Anal 2012; 26:144–153
[ 22 ] Kulkarni DK, Kulkarni DN, Ingle UM. Sorghum malt-based weaning food formulations. Preparation, functional properties and nutritive value. Food Nutr Bull 1991; 13: 14–16.
[ 23 ] Kulkarni DK, Kulkarni DN, Ingle UM. Sorghum malt-based weaning food formulations. Preparation, functional properties and nutritive value. Food Nutrition Bulletin, 1991; 13, 14–16.
[ 24 ] kumari K, Prakash V, Rana S, Sagar A In Vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.) P. Karst. International Journal of Advanced Science and Research 2016; 1(5): 51-54
[ 25 ] Manasseh AT, Godwin J. TA, Ubleni EE, Borisde OO. Phytochemical properties of Ganoderma applanatum as potential agents in the application of nanotechnology in modern day medical practice Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012; Suppl: 580-S583
[ 26 ] Nagaraj K, Mallikarjun N, Naika R, Venugopal TM. Antioxdative Activities Of Wild Macro Fungi Ganoderma Applanatum (Pers.) Pat. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 2014; 7(2): 166-171
[ 27 ] Nagaraj K, Mallikarjun N, Naika R, Venugopal TM: Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial potential of Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. of Shivamogga district- Karnataka, India. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2013; 23: 36-41.
[ 28 ] Nithya M, Ambikapathy V, Panneerselvam A.. Collection, Identification, Phytochemical analysis and Phyto toxicity test of Wood inhabiting Fungi Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.Fr.)P.Karst. Hygeia.J.D.Med. 2014; 6 (1),: 31-39
[ 29 ] Odoemelam SA. Functional properties of raw and heat processed jackfruit (Atrocarpus heterophyllus) flour. Pakistan J Nut 2005; 4: 366–370.
[ 30 ] Ogbe AO, Ditse U, Echeonwu I, Ajodoh K, Atawodi SE, Abdu PA. Potential of a wild medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma sp., as feed supplement in chicken diet: effect on performance and health of pullets. Int J Poultry Sci 2009; 8: 1052–1057.
[ 31 ] Rathor R, Tulsawani R, and Misra K. Hydro-Ethanolic Extract Of Ganoderma Lucidum (Hegl) Shows Antiinflammatory Activity On Thp1 Cytokines And Nf-B P65 Response. IJPSR 2014; 5(6): 2337-2348
[ 32 ] Russell R, Paterson M. Ganoderma: a therapeutic fungal biofactory. Phytochemistry, 2006; 67:1985-2001.
[ 33 ] Shanmugam S, Kumar TS, Selvam KP. Laboratory hand book on biochemistry, PHI learning Private limited, New Delhi, India.pp.129- 133, 2010.
[ 34 ] Sheena N, Ajith TA, Mathew AT, Janardhanan KK. Antibacterial Activity of Three Macrofungi, Ganoderma lucidum, Navesporus floccosa and Phellinus rimosus Occurring in South India. Pharmaceutical Biology 2003; 41 (8): 564–567.
[ 35 ] Sheikh IA, Vyas D, Ganaie MA, Dehariya K, Singh V HPLC determination of phenolics and free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts of two polypore mushrooms. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014, 6:679–684
[ 36 ] Singh R, Dhingra GS, Shri R, A comparative study of taxonomy, physicochemical parameters, and chemical constituents of Ganoderma lucidum and G. philippii from Uttarakhand, India. Turk J Bot 2014a; 38: 186-196
[ 37 ] Singh R, Singh AP, Dhingra GS, Shri R. Taxonomy, physicochemical evaluation and chemical investigation of Ganoderma applanatum and G. brownie International Journal of Advanced Research 2014b; 2 (5):702-711
[ 38 ] Soni N, Lal VK, Agrawal S, Verma H. Pharmacognostical and phyto physico-chemical profile of Curculigo orchioides (Gaertn). Adv Res Pharm Biol 2011; 1: 130–138.
[ 39 ] Terangpi R, Basumatary R, Tamuli AK, Teron R. Pharmacognostic and physicohemical evaluation of stem bark of Acacia pennata (L.) wild., a folk plant of the Dimasa tribe of Assam, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2013; 2, 134–140.
[ 40 ] Trease G. E., Evans W. C. A Textbook for pharmacognosy, 14th Eds. Saunders, W.B (Ed), London. 13-53, 1997.
[ 41 ] Udensi EA, Okoronkwo KA. Effects of fermentation and germination on the physicochemical properties of Mucuna cochinchinensis protein isolate. Afr J Biotechnol 2006; 5: 896–900.
[ 42 ] Usman SB, Kyari SU, Abdulrahman FI, Ogbe AO, Ahmad GY, Ibrahim UI, Sakuma AM. Proximate composition, phytochemical and elemental analysis of some organic solvent extract of the wild mushroom - Ganoderma lucidum. J Nat Sci Res 2012; 2: 24–35.
[ 43 ] Veljovic S., Veljovic M, Nikicevic N, Despotovic S, Radulovic S, Niksic M., et al., Chemical composition, antiproliferative and antioxidant activity of differently processed Ganoderma lucidum ethanol extracts. J Food Sci Technol 2017; 54(5):1312–1320
[ 44 ] Wachtel-Galor S, Buswell JA, Tomlinson B, Benzie IFF, Lingzhi polyphorous fungus. In: Herbal and Traditional Medicine: Molecular Aspects of Health. New York: Marcel Dekker Incpp; 2004, 179-228.
[ 45 ] Wasson RG. Soma: Divine mushroom of immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich New York; 1968.
[ 46 ] WHO Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials. Geneva: World Health Organization Press; 1998.
[ 47 ] Yatsumatsu K, Sawuda K, Moritaka S, Miscki M.,Whipping and emulsifying properties of soybean products. Journal of Agaricultural and Biological Chemistry, 1972; 36, 719–726.
[ 48 ] Yogita C, Singhal RS. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactives from arecanut (Areca catechu L.) and optimization study using response surface methodology. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 2013; 17:106-113.